剑桥雅思14阅读真题解析C14T3R1【优加雅思原创】

The concept of intelligence
难度：★★★★
一、文章解析
体裁：论述类
题材：科学类（智力概念，涉及多领域研究理论）
主题：介绍了智力的概念化及其与社会的关系。
段落概括： 第一段 人们如何概念化智力。
第二段 关于智力内隐理论的知识是很重要的。
第三段 科学研究者的隐性理论最终产生了他们的解释理论。
第四段 内隐理论在验证外显理论时是有用的。
第五段 智力的内隐理论有助于阐明发展和跨文化差异。
第六段 提出了关于智力的三种内隐理论。
第七段 详细讲述了汉密尔顿主义者的观点。
第八段 详细讲述了杰斐逊主义者的观点。
第九段 详细讲述了杰克逊主义者的观点。
第十段 强调内隐理论的重要性。

二、词汇
文章重点词汇
concept n.概念;观念
conceptualize v.构思;使形成观念
conception n.构思;构想
intelligence n.智力;才智
unconscious adj.失去知觉的
notion n.观念;信念
implicit adj. 含蓄的
oppose v.反对;抵制
perceive v.意识到;理解为
evaluate v.估计;评价
judgment n.判断力
correction n.改正;纠正
perform v.执行;演出
cognitive adj.认知的;感知的
interviewer n.面试者
investigation n.调查
ultimately adv.最终;最后
explicit adj.清楚明白的
framework n.构架，结构;
thus adv.因此
define v.下定义，解释
scope n.范围
aspect n.方面
previous adj.先前的
investigator n.调查者
suspect v.怀疑
exist v.存在
misleading adj.误导性的
reveal v.揭示;透露
correspondence n.一致；符合
account n.账目;v.认为
supplementation n. 补充
expansion n.扩张，扩展
mention v.提及；
expectation n.预期，期待
performance n.表现，表演
function n.作用;功能
participate v.参加;参与
strictly adv. 严格地；完全地；确实地
loosely adv. 宽松地；轻率地
philosophy n. 哲学；哲理；人生观
emergence n. 出现，浮现；发生；露头
responsibility n. 责任，职责；义务
irresponsible adj. 不负责任的；不可靠的
mass n. 块，团；群众，民众；大量，众多
accomplishment n. 成就；完成；技艺，技能
reward vt. [劳经] 奖励；奖赏
favor vt. 较喜欢；有利于；赐予；证实
foster vt. 培养；养育，抚育
competency n. 能力（等于competence）；资格
institution n. 制度；建立；
contribution n. 贡献；捐献；投稿
assumption n. 假定；设想；担任；采取

文章拓展词汇
extant adj. 尚存的;现存的
elucidate v. 阐明;解释
elite n. 精英；精华；中坚分子
chaos n. 混沌，混乱
avail vt. 有益于
jury n. [法] 陪审团；评判委员会
presupposition n. 假定；预想；臆测

题目必背词汇
assumption n. 假定；设想；担任；采取
behavior n. 行为，举止；态度；反应
clarity n. 清楚，明晰；透明
definition n. 定义；[物] 清晰度；解说
researcher n. 研究员
disappointing adj. 令人失望的；令人扫兴的
expectation n. 期待；预期；指望
universal adj. 普遍的；通用的
scholar n. 学者；奖学金获得者
understanding n. 谅解，理解；理解力；协议
desirable adj.可取的;值得做的
possibility n.可能性
section n.部分;部门
preferential adj.优先的
treatment n.治疗;疗法
expense n.费用;开销
achieve v.达到，完成
variation n.变化，变异
intelligent adj.有才智的，聪明的
position n.位置
uncontrolled adj.无法控制的

三、考点解析：
Questions1-3
题型：段落信息匹配题 难度：★★★★
解析：

段落信息匹配题考核考生对于各种信息种类的理解能力和在原文快速寻读能力。题目信息均以乱序形式在原文出现。考生往往由于缺乏瞬时记忆和快速寻读的原因，将该题型视为难题。

本组题只有3道题，分别考到了summary, comparison, detail不同的信息中泪点，每道题在原文出现不同难度的同义转述。 考生可以选择先做该题型或者放在4-13题之后重新寻找。

Q1
题干关键词 non-scientists; behavior; others
原文定位 B段第一句，第三句到第六句For example, parents’…such theories.
题解

B段中第一句话提到人们对于自己及他人的智力的理解和评价，其中perceive和evaluate即人们的behaviour。 drive the way即是influence。而文中第三到六句话中的parents，job interviewers就是non-scientists。children和friends指代的是others。并且文中从列举家长对待孩子，应聘者招人以及人们挑选朋友这三个例子体现出行为这一过程。

本题难点在于题目信息是该段大部分信息的summary。需要结合段首主旨句加上段中、后的例子可以清晰解题。behaviour抽象名词在原文具象化成各种行为动作内容。
答案 B

Q2
题干关键词 lack of clarity; definition
原文定位 A段第二句 In other words…what it actually is.
题解

第二句中的unconscious意为无意识的，未发觉的，与题干中的lack of clarity相对应，notion意为概念，对应题干中的definition。也就是说人们对于智力的理论存在一种尚不清晰的概念。

本题难点在于lack否定词逻辑点，和抽象属性名词clarity词义认知（六级词汇）。
答案 A

Q3
题干关键词 researcher; implicit and explicit; different
原文定位 D段前两句 Third...may be wrong.
题解 D段第一句中的investigator指的就是researcher。研究者在怀疑外显理论出现错误时使用内隐理论。暗指两者原理不同。而第二句提到了内隐理论和外显理论间的关系。no correspondence between即二者存在difference，清楚表明了两种理论的不同。本题难点在no correspondence语义逻辑认知上。
答案 D

Questions4-6
题型：判断题 难度：★★★
解析：本题属于判断题中的TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN。考核对原文客观事实信息的理解和逻辑辨析能力。该题型一定注意FALSE和NOT GIVEN两种选项的区别。本组3道题在原文信息分布跨度大，准确回归定位是关键。

Q4
题干定位词 slow language development; children; parents
考点 disappointing to their parents 负向态度
原文定位 B段第三句 for example…their children’s speech.
题解 第三句中提到了家长对于孩子的语言发展的看法及其智力的评估。但是并没有提到发展的速度缓慢还是快速以及对此是否disappointing的态度。本题干扰点在考生易对现象的结果产生脑补推断。
答案 NOT GIVEN

Q5
题干定位词 expectation; children; gain from education;
考点 universal 普遍类比
原文定位 E段第二、三、四句 As mentioned earlier，people...not participate in such schooling.
题解 文中指出人们对于不同年龄段的孩子的智力表现期望值是不同的。这些差异与文化有关。例如在，在西式教育中儿童的期望不同与其他。而题目说期望是universal。产生矛盾。本题难点在于universal词义认知 (a behavioral convention of all members of a particular culture)。
答案 NO

Q6
题干定位词 scholars; discuss
考点 without fully understanding
原文定位 J段第二句 Until scholars are able to discuss their…文章末。
题解 J段第二句 Until scholars are able to discuss their…文章末。学者们在discuss之前，经常对其他学者讨论内容miss the point(不得起到)。与题目without fully understanding语义一致。本题难点在于原文长句until引导从句，句义不好理解。
答案 YES

Questions7—13
题型：Matching features难度：★★★★
解析：理论匹配陈述是Matching Features的一种。陈述信息常以乱序形式在原文出现，即题目的顺序与答案在文章中出现的顺序不一致。但考生可以借助理论大写原词回归原文定位。该题型难点需要考生有理解辨析专家观点和学术理论的能力，需要较强的选项分析和同义转述技巧支撑。此题均应从容易定位的信息入手，定位到相关文章段落及句子后，再对比题目集合，做出选择。本题可通过Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, Jacksonian三个理论原词定位，确定分布在G，H和I三段。

Q7
题干关键词 desirable，the same possibilities
原文定位 H段第一句：
The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal opportunities, but they do not necessarily avail themselves equally of these opportunities and are not necessarily equally rewarded for their accomplishments.

题解 题目中说每个人应该有同样的possibilities。
H段第一句中people should have equal opportunities 相对应。其中 equal opportunities 与the same possibilities 是同义词替换。
答案 B

Q8
题干关键词 No section of society, preferential treatment, the expense of another
原文定位 I段最后一句：In this view, we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to favoring one group over another.
题解 题目中说：任何社会阶层都不应以牺牲其他群体为代价获益。
与I段最后一句：we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to favoring one group over another. 我们不需要一个支持某个群体凌驾另一个群体之上的团体。相对应。
其中no 与not; section of society与institutions ；preferential treatment与one group over another互为同义词替换。本题重点注意原文阅读时，代词’this view’话题延续，从人名出现开始需要阅读全段全部三句话。
答案 C

Q9
题干关键词 Only gain benefits, actually achieve
原文定位 H段第二、三句：people are rewarded for what they accomplish ,if given equal opportunity. Low achievers are not rewarded to the same extent as high achieves.
题解 题目中人们应该只根据他们的实际成果获得利益。
与H段二、三句people are rewarded for what they accomplish ,if given equal opportunity. Low achievers are not rewarded to the same extent as high achieves.如果给予平等的机会，人们会因他们所取得的成就而得到回报。低成就者不会得到与高成就者相同的回报。相对应。
其中benefits与rewarded； achieve与accomplish互为同义词替换。

答案 B

Q10
题干关键词 Variation, begins at birth
原文定位 G段第一句:The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is that people are born with different levels of intelligence......
题解 题目说智力的多样性始于出生前。
与G段第一句people are born with different levels of intelligence......相对应。
其中different与variation；people are born 与at birth互为同义词替换。
答案 A

Q11
题干关键词 More intelligent, positions of power
原文定位 G段第一句：......the more intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called government officials or......
题解 题目中说更聪明的人应该处于掌权的位置。
与G段第一句中的the more intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called government officials or...相对应。
其中 more intelligent 原词重现；government officials与positions of power互为同义词替换。
答案 A

Q12
题干关键词 Develop，the same abilities
原文定位 I段第一句、二句：
The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal ,not only as human beings but in terms of their competencies ...... , people are essentially intersubstitutable except for specialized skills, all of which can be learned.
题解 题目中说每一个人都能培养出同样的能力。
与H段中all people are equal ,not only as human beings but in terms of their competencies
能力和人一样平等。以及people are essentially intersubstitutable except for specialized skills ,all of which can be learned.都可以通过学习获取。这两句对应。
其中which can be learned和develop；the same 和equal ;ability和 competencies互为同义词替换。
答案 C

Q13
题干关键词 Low intelligence, uncontrolled lives
原文定位 G段第二句：Herrnstein and Murray (1994)seem to have shared this belief when they wrote about the emergence of a cognitive(high-IQ)elite, which eventually would have to take responsibility for the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people who cannot take care of themselves .
题解 题目中说低智商的人很可能过着不受控制的生活。
与G段第二句中：......(low-IQ) people who cannot take care of themselves .相对应。
其中Low intelligence与(low-IQ) people；uncontrolled与cannot take care of 互为同义词替换。
答案 A

四、长句解析
1. In other words, people all have unconscious notions-known as ’implicit theories’-of intelligence, but no one knows for certain what it actually is. (A段第二句)

解析：

并列句。本句前半句主语是people，谓语是have，宾语为unconscious notions，破折号中间为插入语补充说明概念的名称，but后表转折接宾语从句。
译文：换句话说，人们对智力都有无意识的概念，即所谓的“内隐理论”，但没有人确切知道它到底是什么。

2. First, implicit theories of intelligence drive the way in which people perceive and evaluate their own intelligence and that of others. ( B段第一句)

解析：

定语从句。主句部分主语是intelligence，谓语drive，宾语the way, in which引导定语从句修饰the way。

译文：首先，智力的内隐理论驱动着人们感知和评估自己和他人智力的方式。

3. For example, parents’ implicit theories of their children’s language development will determine at what ages they will be willing to make various corrections in their children’s speech.( B段第三句)

解析：

宾语从句。主句部分主语parents’ implicit theories, 后面of结构做后置定语修饰内隐理论，谓语determine，后接what ages引导的宾语从句。

译文：例如，父母对孩子语言发展的内隐理论将决定他们在多大年龄愿意对孩子的语言进行各种纠正。

4. More generally, parents’ implicit theories of intelligence will determine at what ages they believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive tasks.( B段第四句)

解析：

宾语从句。主句部分主语parents’ implicit theories, 谓语determine，后接what ages引导的宾语从句。

译文：更普遍地说，父母的智力内隐理论将决定他们认为孩子在多大年龄准备好执行各种认知任务。

5. Third, implicit theories can be useful when an investigator suspects that existing explicit theories are wrong or misleading.( D段第一句)

解析：

时间状语从句。主句中主语是implicit theories，系动词can be, 表语useful，后接when引导的时间状语从句，状语从句中主语为investigator，谓语动词suspects，后接that引导的宾语从句。

译文：第三，当研究者怀疑现有的外显理论是错误的或误导时，内隐理论是有用的。

6. If an investigation of implicit theories reveals little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicit theories, the implicit theories may be wrong. (D段第二句)

解析：

前半句为if引导的条件状语从句。从句中主语investigation，谓语reveals，宾语little correspondence，between…and 结构做后置定语；主句部分主语为the implicit theories，系动词may be，表语wrong。

译文：如果对内隐理论的研究发现现存的内隐理论与外显理论几乎没有对应关系，那么内隐理论就有可能是错误的。

7. The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is that people are born with different levels of intelligence and that those who are less intelligent need the good offices of the more intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called government officials or ,in Plato’s term, philosopher-kings.

解析：

主句：The Hamiltonian view 【主】is 【系】that【表语从句】 people are born with different levels of intelligence and that 【并列表语从句】 those who are less intelligent need the good offices of the more intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called government officials or, in Plato’s term, philosopher-kings.

分句1： which【非限制性定语从句which做主语】 is similar to【谓】 the Platonic view【宾】

译文：Hamiltonian的观点与Platonic的观点相似。

分句2：people 【主】are born with【谓】 different levels of intelligence【宾】.
译文：人天生就具有不同的智力水平。

分句3：those【主】 （who 【定语从句who做主语】are【系】 less intelligent【表】 ）need【谓】 the good offices of the more intelligent 【宾】to keep them in line【状语】,whether 【并列句】they 【主】are called【谓】 government officials【宾】 or ,【插入语】in Plato’s term, philosopher-kings【宾】.
译文：不管他们是被称为政府官员，还是柏拉图所说的哲学家国王，那些不太聪明的人需要更聪明的好职位来保持他们的一致。

译文：哈密顿的观点与柏拉图的观点相似，认为人天生就具有不同的智力水平，而那些智力较低的人需要更聪明的好职位来保持他们的一致，不管他们是被称为政府官员，还是柏拉图所说的哲学家国王。

8. Herrnstein and Murray (1994) seem to have shared this belief when they wrote about the emergence of a cognitive(high-IQ)elite, which eventually would have to take responsibility for the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people who cannot take care of themselves .

解析：主从复合句
主句：Herrnstein and Murray (1994)【主】seem to have shared 【谓】this belief 【宾】。
译文：Herrnstein和Murray（1994）似乎也认同这一观点。

分句1：when【状语从句】 they 【主】wrote about 【谓】the emergence of a cognitive(high-IQ)elite【宾】
译文：当他们写关于意识到高智商精英出现的时候。

分句2：which 【非限制性定语从句which做主语】eventually would have to take【谓】 responsibility【宾】 for the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people 。
译文：最后高智商的精英将不得不为那些不负责任的非精英群里承担责任。

分句3：who【定语从句】 cannot take care of 【谓】themselves【宾】 .
译文：不能照顾自己的低智商人群。

译文：Herrnstein和Murray（1994）在写一篇关于认知（高智商）精英的文章时似乎认同这一观点，他们最终将不得不为那些不负责任的非精英群体（低智商）承担责任，而这些人是无法照顾自己的。

9. The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal opportunities ,but they do not necessarily avail themselves equally of these opportunities and are not necessarily equally rewarded for their accomplishments.

解析：主从并列复合句
主句：The Jeffersonian view【主】 is【系】 that【表语从句】 people 【主】should have 【谓】equal opportunities【宾】.
译文：Jeffersonian的观点是，人们应该有平等的机会。

并列句：they 【主】do not necessarily avail 【谓】themselves equally of these opportunities 【宾】and【并列谓语】 are not necessarily equally rewarded for【并列谓语】 their accomplishments【宾语】.
译文：Jeffersonian的观点是，人们应该有平等的机会，但他们不一定能平等地利用这些机会，也不一定能平等地回报他们的成就。

10. In the Jeffersonian view , the goal of education is not to favor or foster an elite, as in the Hamiltonian traditional, but rather to allow children the opportunities to make full use of the skills they have.

解析：并列复合句
In the Jeffersonian view , the goal of education【主】 is not to favor or foster 【谓】an elite【宾】, as in the Hamiltonian traditional【插入语】 ,but rather to allow 【谓】children the opportunities【宾语】 to make full use of the skills【宾补】（【省略that定语从句】 they 【主】have【谓】） .

译文：在Jeffersonian的观点中，教育的目标不是像Hamiltonian传统那样，支持或培养精英，而是让孩子们有机会充分利用他们的技能。

11. The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal ,not only as human beings but in terms of their competencies —that one person would serve as well as another in government or on a jury or in almost any position of responsibility .

解析：主从复合句
主句：The Jacksonian view 【主】is 【系】that【表语从句】 all people【主】 are【系】 equal【表】，not only as human beings but in terms of their competencies 【插入语】—that【同位语从句】 one person would serve as well as another in government or on a jury or in almost any position of responsibility .

分句：one person【主】 would serve 【谓语】as well as another 【宾】in government or on a jury or in almost any position of responsibility【状】 .

译文：在政府、陪审团或几乎任何责任岗位上，每个人的服务都是一样的。

全句译文： Jacksonian的观点是，所有人都是平等的，不仅是作为人类，而且在他们的能力方面——一个人在政府、陪审团或几乎任何责任职位上都会和另一个人一样。

12. In this view of democracy ,people are essentially intersubstitutable except for specialized skills ,all of which can be learned.
译文：在民主观念中人基本上除了专业技能都是可以通过学习被替代的。

解析：主从句
In this view of democracy ,people 【主】are【系】 essentially intersubstitutable except for specialized skills 【表】,all of which 【定语从句which做主语】can be learned【谓语】.

13. Implicit theories of intelligence and of the relationship of intelligence to society perhaps need to be considered more carefully than they have been because they often serve as underlying presuppositions for explicit theories and even experimental designs that are then taken as scientific contributions .

解析：主从复合句
Implicit theories of intelligence and of the relationship of intelligence to society 【主】perhaps need to be considered 【谓】（more carefully than they have been 比较状语从句）because【原因状语从句】 they【主】 often serve as【谓】 underlying presuppositions for explicit theories 【宾】and even experimental designs【宾语】 that 【定语从句】are then taken as 【谓】scientific contributions 【宾】.

译文：关于智力和智力与社会关系的隐式理论可能需要比以前更仔细地考虑，因为它们常常作为显式理论甚至作为科学贡献的实验设计的基础前提。

14. Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss the point of what others are saying when discussing their explicit theories and their data.

解析：并列复合句
主句1：Until scholars【主】 are able to discuss 【谓】（their implicit theories and thus their assumptions宾）

译文：直到学者们能够讨论他们的内隐理论和他们的假设.

主句2：they【主】 are likely to miss【谓】 the point of what【宾语从句】 others 【主】are saying 【谓】（when discussing their explicit theories and their data.【状语】）
译文：他们很可能会错过其他人在讨论他们的解释理论和他们的数据时所说的观点。
全句译文：直到学者们能够讨论他们的内隐理论和他们的假设，他们很可能会错过其他人在讨论他们的解释理论和他们的数据时所说的观点。

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